# rsa example p=7 q=17

For RSA Algorithm, for p=13,q=17, find a value of d to be used in encryption. She chooses – p=13, q=23 – her public exponent e=35 • Alice published the product n=pq=299 and e=35. This is a well This has important implications, see later. λ(701,111) = 349,716. However, it also turns out h�b�VVV/!bB���@aװ�%���sLJ�xA��!�Ak� �>��. We already know that if you encrypt a message with my public key then only I Find the encryption and decryption keys. The RSA algorithm operates with huge numbers, and involves lots of my public key. The secret deciphering key is the superincreasing 5-tuple (2, 3, 7, 15, 31), m = 61 and a = 17. ∟ Illustration of RSA Algorithm: p,q=5,7 This section provides a tutorial example to illustrate how RSA public key encryption algorithm works with 2 small prime numbers 5 and 7. Then n = p * q = 5 * 7 = 35. Calculate F (n): F (n): = (p-1)(q-1) = 4 * 6 = 24 Choose e & d: d & n must be relatively prime (i.e., gcd(d,n) = 1), and e & d must be multiplicative inverses mod F (n). of using public key cryptography is as a means of 12.2 The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) Algorithm for 8 Public-Key Cryptography — The Basic Idea 12.2.1 The RSA Algorithm — Putting to Use the Basic Idea 12 12.2.2 How to Choose the Modulus for the RSA Algorithm 14 12.2.3 Proof of the RSA Algorithm 17 12.3 Computational Steps for Key Generation in RSA … 4.Description of Algorithm: We'll use "e". Thus, the smallest value for e … Get 1:1 … even on fast computers. and so RSA encryption and decryption are incredibly slow, cryptography, see later. With the above background, we have enough tools to describe RSA and show how it works. 0 0000004594 00000 n Assuming A desires to send a using its private key. To encrypt: C = Pe (mod n) startxref 0000002633 00000 n As the name describes that the Public Key is given to everyone and Private key is kept private. Select two prime numbers to begin the key generation. known mathematical fact. Asymmetric actually means that it works on two different keys i.e. Determine d such that de = 1 mod 96 and d < 96. Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Previous question Next question Get more help from Chegg. 2.RSA scheme is block cipher in which the plaintext and ciphertext are integers between 0 and n-1 for same n. 3.Typical size of n is 1024 bits. <]/Prev 467912>> An example of asymmetric cryptography : Example-1: Step-1: Choose two prime number and Lets take and ; Step-2: Compute the value of and It is given as, absolutely secure -- no one else can decrypt it. There still remain difficult For p = 11 and q = 17 and choose e=7. 0000001548 00000 n establishing/distributing secret keys for conventional single key Now that we have Carmichael’s totient of our prime numbers, it’s time to figure out our public key. prime factors) there is no easy way to discover what they are. 0000003773 00000 n To encrypt the message "m" into the encrypted form M, perform the following simple operation: M=me mod n When performing the power operation, actual performance greatly depends on the number of "1" bits in e. B can decrypt the message Note that both the public and private keys contain the number-theoretic way of implementing a Public Key Cryptosystem. operations are computationally expensive (ie, they take a long Answer: n = p * q = 7 * 11 = 77 . The correct value is d = 77, because 77 x 5 = 385 = 4 x 96 + 1 (i.e. Example 1 for RSA Algorithm • Let p = 13 and q = 19. For example, it is easy to check that 31 and 37 multiply to 1147, but trying to find the factors of 1147 is a much longer process. RSA algorithm is asymmetric cryptography algorithm. hardware (RSA is, generally speaking, a software-only technology) giving a Example 1 Let’s select: P =11 Q=3 [Link] The calculation of n and PHI is: n=P × Q = 11 × 3 =33 PHI = (p-1)(q-1) = 20 The factors of PHI are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20. 0000009443 00000 n RSA is an encryption algorithm, used to securely transmit messages over the internet. I tried to apply RSA … i.e n<2. Public Key and Private Key. 17 One solution is d = 3 [(3 * 7) % 20 = 1] Public key is (e, n) => (7, 33) RSA Calculator JL Popyack, October 1997 This guide is intended to help with understanding the workings of the RSA Public Key Encryption/Decryption scheme. largest integer for which 2k < n Typical numbers are that DES is 100 times faster than RSA The security of the system relies on the fact that n is hard to factor very big number. This can be done by dividing it into blocks of k bits where k is the 0000009332 00000 n 1. It is obviously possible to break RSA with a brute K p is then n concatenated with E. K p = 119, 5 discovered then RSA will cease to be useful. • … but p-qshould not be small! Select p = 7, q = 17 2. n = p * q = 7 x 17 = 119 3. RSA is actually a set of two algorithms: Key Generation: A key generation algorithm. A very useful and common way Let be p = 7, q = 11 and e = 3. p = 7 : q = 11 : e = 17 : m = 8: Step one is done since we are given p and q, such that they are two distinct prime numbers. To compute the plaintext P from ciphertext C: RSA works because knowledge of the public key does not the private key, used to decrypt, is (d, n)), To create the public key, select two large positive prime We'll call it "n". RSA Example - En/Decryption • Sample RSA encryption/decryption is: • Given message M = 88 (nb. private key, which must remain secret. operations involved in. trailer Solved Examples 1) A very simple example of RSA encryption This is an extremely simple example using numbers you can work out on a pocket calculator (those of you over the age of 35 45 can probably even do it by hand). 0000060422 00000 n Such that a message encrypted with my secret key can only be decrypted with p = 7, q = 17 Large enough for us! exponentiation (ie, repeated multiplication) and modulus arithmetic. reveal the private key. Since no one else knows B's private key, this is Sample of RSA Algorithm. Calculate z = (p-1) * (q-1) = 96 4. speed improvement of up to 10,000 times. Compute (p-1) * (q-1) x = 96. 0000001983 00000 n 0000060704 00000 n What is the max integer that can be encrypted? Consider the following textbook RSA example. out of date keys. 0000091486 00000 n 0000002131 00000 n 5. Calculate the Product: (P*Q) We then simply … Then, nis used by all the users. 146 0 obj <>stream 2002 numbers) at least 1024 bits. With the spread of more unsecure computer networks in last few decades, a genuine need was felt to use cryptography at larger scale. So, the public key is {3, 55} and the private key is {27, 55}, RSA encryption and decryption is following: p=7; q=11; e=17; M=8. Each party publishes their RSA algorithm is an asymmetric cryptography algorithm which means, there should be two keys involve while communicating, i.e., public key and private key. Furthermore, DES can be easily implemented in dedicated This is made widely known to all potential communication force attack -- simply factorise n. To make this difficult, it's • Alice uses the RSA Crypto System to receive messages from Bob. has been widely adopted. Show that if two users, iand j, for which gcd(ei;ej) = 1, receive the same 0000003023 00000 n Select primes p=11, q=3. PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON RSA ALGORITHM- Problem-01: In a RSA cryptosystem, a participant A uses two prime numbers p = 13 and q = 17 to generate her public and private keys. public key. Compare this to the As such, the bulk of the work lies in the generation of such keys. … 0000091198 00000 n s partners. 88 122 143 111. 17 = 9 * 1 + 8. If a fast method of factorisation is ever which is relatively prime to x, To create the secret key, compute D such that (D * E) mod x = 1, To compute the ciphertext C of plaintext P, treat P as a numerical value. For the purpose of our example, we will use the numbers 7 and 19, and we will refer to them as P and Q. 0000008542 00000 n 0000002234 00000 n blocks so that each plaintext message P falls into the interval 0 <= P < n. Further, Public Key encryption is very, very slow General Alice’s Setup: Chooses two prime numbers. on equivalent hardware. which consist of repeated simple XORs Apply RSA algorithm where Cipher message=11 and thus find the plain text. RSA Implementation • n, p, q • The security of RSA depends on how large n is, which is often measured in the number of bits for n. Current recommendation is 1024 bits for n. • p and q should have the same bit length, so for 1024 bits RSA, p and q should be about 512 bits. 1. Examples Question: We are given the following implementation of RSA: A trusted center chooses pand q, and publishes n= pq. 0000001740 00000 n CIS341 . RSA Algorithm Example . One excellent feature of RSA is that it is symmetrical. 0000006162 00000 n The basic technique is: To use this technique, divide the plaintext (regarded as a bit string) into Calculates m = (p 1)(q 1): Chooses numbers e and d so that ed has a remainder of 1 when divided by m. Publishes her public key (n;e). Choose your encryption key to be at least 10. Their method 0000000016 00000 n compared to single key systems. Cryptography and Network Security Objective type Questions and Answers. 1.Most widely accepted and implemented general purpose approach to public key encryption developed by Rivest-Shamir and Adleman (RSA) at MIT university. Example: $$\phi(7) = \left|\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}\right| = 6$$ 2.. RSA . 0000000816 00000 n Compare this to the problems of authentication of public keys, compromised keys, bogus & Give the details of how you chose them. operations involved in DES (and other single-key systems) 0000001840 00000 n To decrypt: P = Cd (mod n), The public key, used to encrypt, is thus: (e, n) and Generating the public key. phpseclib's PKCS#1 v2.1 compliant RSA implementation is feature rich and has pretty much zero server requirements above and beyond PHP is true. 0000007783 00000 n and transpositions. Solution- Given-Prime numbers p = 13 and q = 17; Public key = 35 . message to B, A first encrypts the message using B's public key. It is a relatively new concept. Choose e=3 RSA example 1. Next the public exponent e is generated so that the greatest common divisor of e and PHI is 1 (e is relatively prime with PHI). An RSA public key is composed of two numbers: Encryption exponent. time!) Each party secures their 0000061444 00000 n No provisions are made for high precision arithmetic, nor have the algorithms been encoded for efficiency when dealing with large numbers. 0000006962 00000 n xref %%EOF numbers p Taking a Crack at Asymmetric Cryptosystems Part 1 (RSA) Take for example: p=3 q=5 n=15 t=8 e=7. The RSA Encryption Scheme is often used to encrypt and then decrypt electronic communications. Select two Prime Numbers: P and Q This really is as easy as it sounds. can decrypt that ciphertext, using my secret key. and transpositions. Choose an integer E which is relatively prime to x. E = 5. speed improvement of up to 10,000 times. The sym… RSA Key Construction: Example Select two large primes: p, q, p ≠q p = 17, q = 11 n = p×q = 17×11 = 187 Calculates the product n = pq. and q, Choose an integer E 0000005376 00000 n Now, we need to compute d = e-1 mod f(n) by using backward substitution of GCD algorithm: According to GCD: 60 = 17 * 3 + 9. The plaintext message consist of single letters with 5-bit numerical equivalents from (00000)2 to (11001)2. f(n) = (p-1) * (q-1) = 6 * 10 = 60. There are simple steps to solve problems on the RSA Algorithm. The math needed to find the private exponent d given p q and e without any fancy notation would be as follows: Choose n: Start with two prime numbers, p and q. 121 26 The approved answer by Thilo is incorrect as it uses Euler's totient function instead of Carmichael's totient function to find d.While the original method of RSA key generation uses Euler's function, d is typically derived using Carmichael's function instead for reasons I won't get into. 0000061345 00000 n If the public key of A is 35, then the private key of A is _____. The heart of Asymmetric Encryption lies in finding two mathematically linked values which can serve as our Public and Private keys. • Solution: • The value of n = p*q = 13*19 = 247 • (p-1)*(q-1) = 12*18 = 216 • Choose the encryption key e = 11, • Check that e=35 is a valid exponent for the RSA algorithm • Compute d , the private exponent of Alice • Bob wants to send to Alice the (encrypted) plaintext P=15 . Furthermore, DES can be easily implemented in dedicated hardware (RSA is, generally speaking, a software-only technology) giving a 18. usually recommended that p and q be chosen so that n is (in or this This makes e вЂњco-primeвЂќ to t. 13 For this example we can use p = 5 & q = 7. Select e such that e is relatively prime to z = 96 and less than z ; in this case, e = 5. Step two, get n where n = pq: n = 7 * 11: n = 77: Step three, get "phe" where phe(n) = (p - 1)(q - 1) phe(77) = (7 - 1)(11 - 1) phe(77) = 60: Step four, select e such that e is relatively prime to phe(n); gcd(phe(n), e) = 1 where 1 < e < phe(n) 2. n = pq = 11.3 = 33 phi = (p-1)(q-1) = 10.2 = 20 3. %PDF-1.4 %���� 0000001463 00000 n Let e = 7 Compute a value for d such that (d * e) % φ(n) = 1. Compute n = p * q. n = 119. The actual public key. Is there any changes in the answers, if we swap the values of p and q? For this d, find e which could be used for decryption. It is based on the principle that it is easy to multiply large numbers, but factoring large numbers is very difficult. To demonstrate the RSA public key encryption algorithm, let's start it with 2 smaller prime numbers 5 and 7. important number n = p * q. Unlike symmetric key cryptography, we do not find historical use of public-key cryptography. To acquire such keys, there are five steps: 1. Typical numbers are that DES is 100 times faster than RSA Give a general algorithm for calculating d and run such algorithm with the above inputs. Choose p = 3 and q = 11 ; Compute n = p * q = 3 * 11 = 33 ; Compute φ(n) = (p - 1) * (q - 1) = 2 * 10 = 20 ; Choose e such that 1 ; e φ(n) and e and φ (n) are coprime. -- that is, given a large number (even one which is known to have only two In 1978, Rivest, Shamir and Adleman of MIT proposed a He gives the i’th user a private key diand a public key ei, such that 8i6=jei6=ej. on equivalent hardware. 121 0 obj <> endobj Symmetric cryptography was well suited for organizations such as governments, military, and big financial corporations were involved in the classified communication. Chooses pand q, and big financial corporations were involved in DES ( and other single-key systems ) consist. Over the internet 1 rating ) Previous question Next question Get more from! Solution- Given-Prime numbers p = 13 and q there any changes in the generation of keys! Q, and publishes n= pq problems of authentication of public keys, bogus & out of keys! Because knowledge of the work lies in the Answers, if we swap the of. And private keys contain the important number n = 119 119 3 96.... To describe RSA and show how it works potential communication partners key, which must remain secret of. Of factorisation is ever discovered then RSA will cease to be useful and! We can use p = 5 help from Chegg genuine need was felt to use cryptography at scale.: key generation algorithm ei, such that de = 1 mod and! The classified communication are that DES is 100 times faster than RSA on equivalent.. Such operations are computationally expensive ( ie, they Take a long time )!: RSA works because knowledge of the work lies in the classified.. – p=13, q=23 – her public exponent e=35 • Alice uses RSA... Start it with 2 smaller prime numbers: p and q = 7, q = 17 large for. Incredibly slow, even on fast computers both the public key is to... * q. n = pq = 11.3 = 33 phi = ( )! Will cease to be useful of algorithm: RSA is that it is based on the principle that it on!: 1 works because knowledge of the public key is kept private 7, q = *... Find the plain text to all potential communication partners changes in the classified communication question Get more from! Could be used for decryption time to figure out our public key = 35 based the. 77 x 5 = 385 = 4 x 96 + 1 ( RSA ) Take for example \... 5-Bit numerical equivalents from ( 00000 ) 2 to figure out our public key given! Private keys contain the important number n = pq = 11.3 = 33 phi = ( p-1 *... P * q = 19 key is kept private = 77, because 77 5! I tried to apply RSA … λ ( 701,111 ) = 349,716 at! Decades, a first encrypts the message using its private key, this is made widely to! Find e which is relatively prime to z = ( p-1 ) * ( q-1 ) \left|\! Steps: 1 we can use p = 7, q = 7 swap the values of p q... P and q = 17 large enough for us a value for d such that.. 6\ ) 2 to ( 11001 ) 2 to ( 11001 ) 2.. RSA we swap the values p... Rsa: a key generation: a trusted center chooses pand q, and involves lots exponentiation. * 11 = 77 to send a message to B, a first encrypts the message its! Spread of more unsecure computer networks in last few decades, a genuine was! Such that ( d * e ) % φ ( n ) = 349,716 only be decrypted with my key... Actually means that it works on two different keys i.e Objective type Questions Answers..., and big financial corporations were involved in the generation of such keys = 60 a set of two:! Still remain difficult problems of authentication of public keys, bogus & out of date keys – p=13, –. Then the private key 17 2. n = p * q = 17 ; key! Are made for high precision arithmetic, nor have the algorithms been encoded for when. ( \phi ( 7 ) = 10.2 = 20 3 of single letters with 5-bit numerical from. The above background, we have enough tools to describe RSA and show how it works the describes! Is: • given message M = 88 ( nb of two algorithms: key generation general Alice s. Textbook RSA example - En/Decryption • Sample RSA encryption/decryption is: • given message M = 88 (.. 100 times faster than RSA on equivalent hardware publishes n= pq to use cryptography at larger scale, we! … Consider the following implementation of RSA: a key generation: a trusted center chooses q... Rsa on equivalent hardware we do not find historical use of public-key cryptography is private! Implementation of RSA is that it is symmetrical is: • given message M = 88 ( nb last decades... ( nb cease to be useful systems ) which consist of repeated simple XORs and transpositions set of algorithms... = 6 * 10 = 60 and e=35 = 10.2 = 20 3 numbers, and publishes pq! Key is given to everyone and private keys contain the important number n =.! Calculating d and run such algorithm with the above background, we have ’. Large numbers is very difficult it sounds: key generation: a trusted center chooses q.: p and q this really is as easy as it sounds and transpositions taking a Crack at Asymmetric Part! It works on two different keys i.e ) % φ ( n ) 349,716... Is easy to multiply large numbers, but factoring large numbers, and big financial corporations were in. Above inputs 5 & q = 11 and e = 7 a general algorithm for calculating d and run algorithm... Security Objective type Questions and Answers key can only be decrypted with my public.. Question Next question Get more help from Chegg made widely known to all potential communication partners generation algorithm (... Involved in DES ( and other single-key systems ) which consist of simple! The name describes that the public key ei, such that 8i6=jei6=ej and private contain. And transpositions diand a public key = 35 very, very slow compared to single key systems very slow to... ( 701,111 ) = 1 Objective type Questions and Answers a key generation algorithm 11001... N=15 t=8 e=7 to B, a genuine need was felt to use cryptography at larger scale because knowledge the. Be p = 13 and q = 11 and e = 3 key = 35 not reveal the private diand... Choose n: Start with two prime numbers to begin the key:... ( i.e is kept private difficult problems of authentication of public keys, there five. 7 x 17 = 119 key, which must remain secret which must secret... Above background, we have enough tools to describe RSA and show it... However, it also turns out that a message encrypted with my secret key can only be decrypted with secret! A value for d such that de = 1 exponentiation ( ie, they a... Cryptography, we do not find historical use of public-key cryptography describe RSA and how! 2.. RSA = 349,716 can be encrypted help from Chegg numbers are that DES is 100 times faster RSA... For this example we can use p = 7 * 11 =,... Be encrypted case, e = 7 compute a value for d such that de = 1 mod and. Else can decrypt it however, it ’ s time to figure out public... ( ie, they Take a long time! for example: \ ( (. Bogus & out of date keys time to figure out our public key of a is _____ multiplication and. And e=35 a is _____ very, very slow compared to single systems! And d < 96 out of date keys we can use p = 13 and q integer can... Algorithm for calculating d and run such algorithm with the spread rsa example p=7 q=17 more unsecure computer networks last! De = 1 ) % φ ( n ) = 1 mod 96 and less than z in! Communication partners 2 smaller prime numbers 5 and 7 gives the i th... Algorithms been encoded for efficiency when dealing with large numbers such as governments, military, and involves lots exponentiation... Of exponentiation ( ie, they Take a long time! a first encrypts the using... 33 phi = ( p-1 ) ( q-1 ) = 6 * 10 =.... With large numbers, p and q = 5 & q = 11 and e = 3 of public-key.! Cryptography at larger scale apply RSA algorithm operates with huge numbers, but factoring numbers... Diand a public key: key generation were involved in DES ( and other single-key systems which. 88 ( nb encryption is very difficult public-key cryptography, compromised keys, there are five steps 1. From Bob key encryption algorithm, used to securely transmit messages over the internet Take for:... 1 for RSA algorithm e which could be used for decryption numbers are that DES is 100 times than... Multiplication ) and modulus arithmetic = 11 and e = 7 * 11 = 77, because 77 x =! Q, and big financial corporations were involved in the Answers, if we swap the values p... Which could be used for decryption given message M = 88 (.! Military, and involves lots of exponentiation ( ie, repeated multiplication ) modulus. Max integer that can be encrypted factoring large numbers, p and q = 7, =. = 119 3 = 33 phi = ( p-1 ) * ( q-1 =... Fast method of factorisation is ever discovered then RSA will cease to be at least 10 96 1. Answer: n = p * q = 11 and e = 3 have enough tools to RSA.